Doctrine and Insights

Cyber Operations Against Ships: Attribution, Sovereign Immunity, and the Scale-and-Effects Test– Explore how international law classifies cyber-attacks on ships. Learn why attribution is the gateway principle, sovereign immunity magnifies consequences, and the scale/effects test defines thresholds for lawful responses at sea.

Hot Pursuit at Sea: International Law, UNCLOS, and Case Lessons — Explore the doctrine of hot pursuit under UNCLOS Article 111. Learn the legal conditions, safeguards, and landmark cases such as M/V Saiga (No. 2) and I’m Alone, showing how international law balances enforcement powers with sovereignty at sea.

Maritime Autonomous Vessels and Coastal State Security: A Restrictive Reading of UNCLOS – This article examines how UNCLOS applies to Maritime Autonomous Vessels (MAVs), clarifying their definition and scope while highlighting national security concerns. It argues for a restrictive interpretation that treats unmanned MAVs as specialized equipment subject to coastal state jurisdiction.

Military Exercises in Another State’s EEZ: A Restrictive Interpretation Under International Maritime Law —Explore why UNCLOS supports a restrictive view on foreign military exercises in another state’s EEZ. Learn how due regard, peaceful purposes, and sovereign rights protect coastal state security while reinforcing a rules‑based maritime order.

Anchoring Peace: The Significance of a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea—Explore the significance of a binding Code of Conduct in the South China Sea. Learn how UNCLOS, the 2016 Arbitration Award, and ASEAN instruments shape maritime stability, environmental protection, and regional cooperation.

Non-Responsive Foreign Vessels at Sea: UNCLOS Jurisdiction and Lawful Escalation by Maritime Zone—Explore how UNCLOS addresses non-responsive foreign vessels at sea—operationally described as silence. Learn why this silence is a factual condition rather than a violation, and how proportionality, sovereign immunity, and documented conduct guide lawful maritime responses.

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