Essential Foundations

What Is UNCLOS: A Clear and Modern Explanation – A clear, practical explanation of UNCLOS—how it governs maritime zones, navigation rights, coastal State powers, and dispute settlement under international law.

The Basic Principles of the Law of the Sea Convention – A brief explanation of UNCLOS principles, including maritime zones, navigation rights, coastal State jurisdiction, and peaceful dispute settlement.

Rescue Is Not Optional: The Duty to Render Assistance Under UNCLOS – A foundational explainer on what UNCLOS requires, the safety limits, and how the SAR regime completes the rescue chain.

The 2016 South China Sea Arbitral Tribunal Award – A clear overview of the ruling’s core points: the nine-dash line issue, EEZ rights, Spratly feature status, traditional fishing, and environmental obligations.

EEZ Due Regard and Peaceful Purposes Explained – This article sets the baseline rules for operating in another State’s EEZ—what due regard requires, what the Charter limits, and steps to reduce interference and escalation risk.

Sovereign Immunity at Sea (Warships & Government Vessels): Meaning, Boundaries, and Operational Use – This pillar explains how sovereign immunity functions under UNCLOS and customary international law for warships and other non-commercial government vessels, and why it sharply limits at-sea enforcement options while preserving State responsibility pathways.

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