Case Studies The Caroline Incident (1837) and the Self-Defense Principle in International Law–Explore how the 1837 Caroline Incident shaped the enduring principles of necessity and proportionality in international law, influencing modern debates on sovereignty, military action, and security.The 2016 PCA Award in Philippines v. China: Clarifying Maritime Rights and Security in the South China Sea–Discover the landmark 2016 PCA Award, which invalidated China’s nine‑dash line claims, clarified maritime rights under UNCLOS, and highlighted environmental and security implications for the South China Sea and beyond.Nicaragua v. United States: ICJ’s Landmark Ruling on Sovereignty and Use of Force – Examine the ICJ’s 1986 judgment in Nicaragua v. United States, a landmark case that clarified rules on sovereignty, non‑intervention, and lawful self‑defense while exposing the limits of enforcement in international law.
